Government-controlled Ally, the rescued former finance arm of General Motors, was the only bank to fail the test of capital strength.
Seventeen of the banks tested showed their capital levels would hold up above a five percent minimum threshold if the economy were again rocked with the kind of crisis that sent the US financial system reeling in 2007-2008.
The test showed the banks collectively were much stronger than a year ago, with their aggregate common capital ratio holding up at 7.7 percent, even after losing $462 billion in the theoretical crisis scenario.
"The stress tests are a tool to gauge the resiliency of the financial sector," Federal Reserve Governor Daniel Tarullo said in a statement.
"Significant increases in both the quality and quantity of bank capital during the past four years help ensure that banks can continue to lend to consumers and businesses, even in times of economic difficulty."
The tests measured the banks' abilities individually and collectively to withstand a fresh crisis involving a 50 percent plunge in equity prices, a fall of housing prices by 20 percent, and unemployment shooting to 12.1 percent, all of which would savage the banks' loan and investment assets.
Starting from the third-quarter 2012 level of 11.1 percent average Tier 1 common capital ratio -- a measure of core equity capital against risk assets -- the collective ratio sank to 7.7 percent over nine quarters, the Fed said.
That compared with their actual 5.6 percent level at the end of 2008, in the middle of the last financial crisis.
The overall result improved from last year's stress tests, when gross losses in a similar catastrophe scenario ran up to $534 billion.
Four banks failed the test then, though there was a difference in the test set-up.
The banks had had to submit their real capital plan, on investments, paying dividends and launching stock buybacks for instance, before the tests were completed, so that the plans were incorporated into the tests.
This year, the banks' capital plans will be reviewed next week, and so are not incorporated into the stress tests.