The World Health Organisation (WHO) on June 13 released the first-ever country-by-country analysis of the impact, environmental factors have on health.
The data shows huge inequalities but also demonstrates that in every country, people's health could be improved by reducing environmental risks including pollution hazards in the working environment, UV radiation, noise, agricultural risks, climate and ecosystem change.
The new data shows that 13 million deaths world-wide could be prevented every year by making environment healthier. In some countries, more than one third of the disease burden could be prevented through environmental improvements. The worst affected countries include Angola, Burkina Faso and Mali, as well as Afghanistan.
In 23 countries world-wide, more than 10 percent of deaths are due to just two environmental risk factors: unsafe water including poor sanitation and hygiene, and indoor air pollution due to solid fuel use for cooking. Around the world, children under five are the main victims and make up 74 percent of deaths due to diarrhoea disease and lower respiratory infections.
Low-income countries suffer the most from environmental health factors, losing about 20 times more healthy years of life per person per year than high-income countries.
However, the data shows that no country is immune from the environmental impact on health. Even in countries with better environmental conditions, almost one sixth of the disease burden could be prevented, and efficient environmental interventions could significantly reduce cardiovascular disease and road traffic injuries.
"These country estimates are a first step towards assisting national decision-makers in the sectors of health and environment to set priorities for preventive action," said Susanne Weber-Mosdorf, WHO Assistantrector-General for Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments. "It is important to quantify the burden of disease from unhealthy environments. This information is key to help countries select the appropriate interventions."
The country profiles provide a preliminary estimate of health impacts caused by environmental risks. Countries can use these figures to refine their own estimates. Despite the uncertainties involved in these estimates, they indicated opportunities for targeted action to prevent disease.
For the purposes of this assessment, environmental factors include pollution, occupational factors, UV radiation, noise, agricultural methods, climate and ecosystem change, the architectural environment and people's behaviour.
The data shows that household interventions could dramatically reduce the death rate. Using cleaner fuel such as gas or electricity, using better cooking devices, improving ventilation or modifying people's behaviour (such as keeping children away from smoke) could have a major impact on respiratory infections and diseases among women and children.
Interventions at the community or national level would involve promoting household water treatment and safe storage, and introducing energy policies, which favour development and health. For example, reducing levels of air pollution (measured by PM10) as set out in WHO's Air Quality Guidelines would save an estimated 865 000 lives per year.