PARIS: France braced for a day of strikes and protests Tuesday against Emmanuel Macron's flagship labour reforms, a key test as he stakes his presidency on overhauling the sluggish economy.

More than 180 street protests are planned nationwide against the reforms, which are intended to tackle stubbornly high unemployment by loosening the rules that govern how businesses hire and fire people.

Some 4,000 strikes have been called under the action led by France's biggest trade union, the CGT, with rail workers, students and civil servants urged to protest in cities from Paris to Marseille and Toulouse.

But the turnout will serve as a yardstick for unions' ability to mobilise, as deep splits have emerged in the labour movement between those determined to fight the reforms and those prepared to compromise.

The business-friendly Macron sparked a backlash last week by describing opponents of the shake-up as "slackers" and cynics, in comments blasted as "scandalous" by CGT chief Philippe Martinez.

Bruno Cautres of the Cevipof political research institute said Macron had "thrown oil on the fire" with his choice of words.

"With the 'slackers' comment, there are all the ingredients for this to heat up," he said.

In Paris, the transport disruption is set to be limited to two commuter train lines. Air traffic controllers have also been urged to strike, and Irish low-cost carrier Ryanair said Monday that it had cancelled 110 flights scheduled for Tuesday.

"If the French government is serious about changing France, they should start by tackling these air traffic control unions," the airline's chief marketing officer, Kenny Jacobs, said in a statement.

Funfair operators -- angry over pre-Macron reforms that open the industry to more competition -- will also join in, planning to block traffic in several cities and donning clown costumes for the Paris protest.

- More violence on the streets? -

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The 39-year-old centrist president, who swept to power in May on promises to reinvigorate the economy and transcend left-right politics, used executive orders to fast-track his labour reforms.

They must be ratified by parliament in the coming months, but are expected to breeze through given the large majority won in June by Macron's Republic on the Move party.

CGT leader Martinez says the reforms "give full power to employers", while Eric Beynel of the Solidaires union, which backs the protests, vowed that workers would keep up the pressure "until the orders are withdrawn".

Other unions have signalled a willingness to compromise, including the Force Ouvriere (FO) union, though some of its branches are planning to defy orders and down tools on Tuesday.

Macron is hoping to avoid a re-run of labour protests that rocked France for months last year under his Socialist predecessor Francois Hollande, which repeatedly descended into violence.

The president -- whose personal ratings have slumped sharply since he came into office -- will not be in France for Tuesday's protests, as he is due in the Caribbean to visit French islands hit by hurricane Irma last week.

Macron is determined to bring down France's unemployment rate -- at 9.5 percent, roughly twice that of Britain or Germany -- and sees simplifying the unwieldy labour code as key to achieving this.

Under his reforms, bosses would be given more freedom to negotiate working conditions directly with their employees rather than being subject to industry-wide agreements.

Compensation for unfair dismissal would also be capped -- a move that has particularly angered unions, along with steps to make it easier for foreign-based companies to lay off staff in struggling French operations.

The CGT plans to follow Tuesday's actions with another protest day on September 21, with another two days later called by far-left firebrand lawmaker Jean-Luc Melenchon.

Recent polls show that only around 40 percent of French voters are satisfied with Macron's performance, with analysts putting the disappointment down to a combination of gaffes and poor communication.

The comments about "slackers" drew particular criticism from Macron's opponents, with far-right leader Marine Le Pen retorting sarcastically: "Macron's declarations of love to the French people just keep piling up."