Indian consumer prices rose 7.65 percent in the year to January, higher than wholesale inflation for the period but still suggesting price pressures were moderating, adding weight to views that the central bank has room to cut interest rates.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) signalled last month that it was ready to cut interest rates to stimulate a flagging economy if there was a sustained decline in inflation.
RBI Deputy Governor Subir Gokarn said there was no room for complacency, however. "...A new risk factor has emerged in the form of higher oil prices. We have to see how persistent that is, how long that particular pressure lasts," he told reporters.
The wholesale price index, long India's main inflation gauge, eased to 6.55 percent over the year to January, the slowest rise since November 2009, data showed last week.
The new CPI data, released for the first time on Tuesday, also captures price movements in services, giving policymakers and economists a better idea of price pressures at the consumer level. Services account for about 55 percent of India's economy.
Since the WPI largely reflects price pressures experienced by producers, reliance on it renders monetary policy less effective in cooling prices at the retail level.
The new index is expected to eventually replace the WPI as India's main inflation measure since it better captures demand-side price movements in the economy. "Initially, the RBI may continue to look at both the WPI and CPI data for monitoring inflation," said N.R. Bhanumurthy, an economist at the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, a New Delhi-based think tank. "But once the robustness of the CPI is established, it would become a better indicator."
The annual CPI data compiled by the Federal Statistics Department covers retail prices in food, fuel, clothing, housing and education across rural and urban India.
The data showed food prices rose a moderate 4.11 percent in the year to January, while the cost of fuel and electricity rose 13.13 percent. Food comprises almost half of the weighting in the CPI, while fuel and electricity accounts for less than 10 percent.
"The January consumer price inflation is indicating that inflation has moderated to a great extent," said Rupa Rege Nitsure, chief economist at Bank Of Baroda in Mumbai. "But the global oil price rise has not been passed through completely and will act as a short-term barrier for RBI's easing process."
Markets showed little reaction to the data.
The RBI is under pressure from politicians and business to cut rates to spark economic growth, which the government has said could dip below 7 percent in the fiscal year to end-March. That would be the slowest pace since the 2008 financial crisis.
"One is likely to wait for more data prints to judge if it reflects the underlying drivers well," said Radhika Rao, an economist at Forecast Pte in Singapore. "For now, WPI will still be more actively watched, especially for policy directions."
The central bank ran a 20-month interest rate tightening cycle until October to slow down inflation to 7 percent by March. Economists expect the RBI to cut its main policy rate by 100 basis points in 2012 from the current 8.5 percent.
Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee, who is faced with a burgeoning deficit as a result of rising subsidies for fuel and food, is unlikely to announce major fiscal measures to stimulate growth in the annual budget he will present on March 16.