Asia’s central banks, alarmed by the surging dollar’s assault on their currencies, are ramping up their resistance with rate rises and market interventions, but it’s the relatively vulnerable economies of South and Southeast Asia putting up the best fight.
In Indonesia, high raw materials prices are helping to drive record trade surpluses, while India’s robust growth and large currency reserves have bolstered investor confidence - a far cry from the dollar’s last surge a decade ago when the pair were among the “fragile five” emerging markets pounded by panicked outflows.
Their resilience contrasts with bigger economies in North Asia, where currencies are tumbling, although analysts warn that depleting foreign reserves, budgetary constraints and the dollar’s sustained momentum pose risks for Asia’s southern flank as well.
“In this environment the currencies that used to be very vulnerable to dollar strength - Indonesia in particular - are now actually the most resilient,” said Khoon Goh, head of Asia research at ANZ Bank in Singapore.
“And the rest have become a lot more vulnerable.”
Against a 15% rise in the US dollar index this year, Asian currencies have fallen. But drops of 4.2% for the Singapore dollar, 4.5% for the Indonesian rupiah and 6.7% for the Indian rupee have bettered the yen’s 20% slide and the South Korean won’s 14% drop.
Investors are taking note and moving their money.
India pulled $6.4 billion in foreign funds into equities in August, double the intake for South Korea’s much larger stock market.
“We don’t like North Asia. We think that there is scope for currency weakness,” said Marcelo Assalin, head of emerging markets debt at asset manager William Blair, who is overweight on the Indonesia rupiah and rates, as well as the Malaysian ringgit.
“I think Indonesia is the bright spot in Southeast Asia right now, because of the tailwind of commodity prices ... we also like Malaysia, we think it also benefits from the same themes.”
The stronger dollar nevertheless threatens to bring serious economic pain across Asia.
Even for manufacturing exporters, usually a beneficiary of dollar strength because it makes goods relatively cheaper in global markets, the dollar’s surge has taken a nasty turn by inflating the cost of energy and other inputs.
Asian authorities have broadly escalated their responses as the dollar’s upswing becomes more extreme: the dollar index, a measure of the greenback against a basket of its peers, is up more than 4.5% since the middle of August when Fed officials began striking a more hawkish tone.
Chinese authorities have used the yuan’s trading band to curtail weakness driven by economic worries, while monetary policy has bucked the global trend by cutting rates to boost the flagging economy.
South Korean and Japanese officials have threatened currency market intervention, with a weak growth outlook adding to downward pressure on the won and low rates weighing on the yen. In Southeast Asia’s two largest economies, Indonesia and Thailand, the central bank raised interest rates in August for the first time since the start of the pandemic.
India, Indonesia and Singapore have also used dollar reserves to slow their currencies’ slide. Some measures, however, are showing signs of strain.
Currency stockpiles have recorded their steepest declines in years across Asia: India’s are down more than 11% this year to $561 billion, while Singapore’s fell 31% to $289 billion. Budgets have also become stretched, notably in Indonesia where the burden of subsidising fuel proved too much to bear and last week it allowed fuel prices to leap 30%.—Reuters