Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar remained unrepentant about the October 7 attacks a year ago, people in contact with him have said, despite unleashing an Israeli invasion that has killed tens of thousands of Palestinians, laid waste to his Gaza homeland and rained destruction on ally Hezbollah.
Two officials with knowledge of the matter said on Thursday that Israeli ministers were told Israeli troops had likely killed Sinwar, 62, dubbed by Israelis “the Face of Evil” and architect of the Hamas cross-border raids that became the deadliest day in Israel’s history.
Besides his brother, Mohammed, a top Hamas commander, Sinwar is believed to have been the last Hamas leader on a high-profile Israeli hit list drawn up after the October 7 attack.
For Sinwar, armed struggle remained the only way to force the creation of a Palestinian nation, Palestinian officials and Arab sources, speaking in weeks leading to the October 7 anniversary.
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The attacks killed 1,200 people, mainly civilians, and captured 250 hostages, according to Israeli tallies.
Israel responded by launching a massive aggression, killing 42,400 people and displacing 1.9 million, according to Palestinian health authorities and UN figures.
Now the conflict has spread to Lebanon, with Israel heavily degrading Hezbollah, including killing most of its leadership. Tehran is at risk of being pulled into open war with Israel.
Sinwar has drawn Iran and its entire “Axis of Resistance” - comprising Hezbollah, Yemen’s Houthis and Iraqi militias – into conflict with Israel, said Hassan Hassan, an author and researcher on Islamic groups.
“We’re seeing now the ripple effects of October 7. Sinwar’s gamble didn’t work,” Hassan said, suggesting that the Axis of Resistance may never recover.
“What Israel did to Hezbollah in two weeks is almost equal to a whole year of degrading Hamas in Gaza. With Hezbollah, three layers of leadership have been eliminated, its military command has been decimated, and its important leader Hassan Nasrallah has been assassinated,” added Hassan.
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Sinwar was chosen as Hamas’ overall leader after his predecessor Ismail Haniyeh was killed in July by a suspected Israeli strike during a visit to Tehran. Israel has not confirmed its involvement in the strike.
Operating from the shadows of a network of labyrinthine tunnels under Gaza, two Israeli sources said Sinwar had over the past year survived Israeli airstrikes, which have reportedly killed his deputy Mohammed Deif and other senior leaders.
After October 7, Israel’s Defence Minister Yoav Gallant said Sinwar and other leaders were “living on borrowed time.”
Sinwar has operated in secrecy, moving constantly and using trusted messengers for non-digital communication, according to three Hamas officials and one regional official. He has not been seen in public since October 7, 2023.
Over months of failed ceasefire talks, led by Qatar and Egypt, that focused on swapping prisoners for hostages, Sinwar was the sole decision-maker, Hamas sources said. Negotiators would wait for days for responses filtered through a secretive chain of messengers.
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Sinwar’s high tolerance for suffering, both for himself and for the Palestinian people, in the name of a cause, was apparent when he helped negotiate the 2011 exchange of 1,027 prisoners, himself included, for one kidnapped Israeli soldier.
Half a dozen people who know Sinwar told Reuters his resolve was shaped by an impoverished childhood in Gaza’s refugee camps and a brutal 22 years in Israeli custody, including a period in Ashkelon, the town his parents called home before fleeing after the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.
The question of hostages and prisoner swaps is deeply personal for Sinwar, said all the sources, who requested anonymity to speak freely about sensitive matters. He has vowed to free all Palestinian prisoners held in Israel.
Sinwar became a member of Hamas soon after its founding in the 1980s, which seeks to establish a state in historic Palestine and opposes Israel’s existence.
The ideology views Israel not only as a political rival but as an occupying force on Muslim land. Seen in this light, hardships and suffering are often interpreted by him and his followers as part of a larger Islamic belief of sacrifice, experts on Islamic movements say.
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“What lies behind his resolve is tenacity of ideology, tenacity of goal. He’s ascetic and satisfied with little,” said one senior Hamas official who requested anonymity.
From sackcloth to leader
Sinwar would sometimes tell of his early life in Gaza during decades of Israeli occupation, once saying his mother made clothes from empty UN food-aid sacks, according to Gaza resident Wissam Ibrahim, who has met him.
In a semi-autobiographical novel written in prison, Sinwar described scenes of troops bulldozing Palestinian houses, “like a monster crushing its prey’s bones,” before Israel withdrew from Gaza in 2005.
A ruthless enforcer tasked with punishing Palestinians suspected of informing for Israel, Sinwar then made his name as a prison leader, emerging as a street hero from a 22-year Israeli sentence for masterminding the abduction and murder of two Israeli soldiers and four Palestinians.
He then quickly rose to the top of the Hamas ranks.
His understanding of the everyday hardships and brutal realities in Gaza was well-received by Gazans and made people feel at ease, four journalists and three Hamas officials said, despite his fearsome reputation and explosive anger.
Health ministry in Gaza says war death toll at 42,175
Sinwar is regarded by Arab and Palestinian officials as the architect of Hamas’ strategy and military power, bolstered through his strong ties with Iran, which he visited in 2012.
Before orchestrating the October 7 raids Sinwar made no secret of his desire to strike his enemy hard.
In a speech the year before, he vowed to send a flood of fighters and rockets to Israel, hinting at a war that would either unite the world to establish a Palestinian state on land Israel occupied in 1967, or leave the Jewish nation isolated on the global stage.
His goals have not been fulfilled. While the issue is once again at the top of the global agenda, the prospect of a Palestinian nation seems as distant as ever.
‘By force, not by negotiations’
Sinwar was arrested in 1988 and sentenced to four life sentences, accused of orchestrating the abduction and murder of two Israeli soldiers and four suspected Palestinian informants.
Michael Koubi, a former official with Israel’s Shin Bet security agency who interrogated Sinwar for 180 hours in prison, said Sinwar clearly stood out for his ability to intimidate and command.
Koubi once asked him, then aged 28 or 29, why he was not already married. “He told me Hamas is my wife, Hamas is my child. Hamas for me is everything.” Sinwar married after his release from prison in 2011 and has three children.
Yuval Bitton, who was Sinwar’s dentist before being recruited by Israel’s prison intelligence service, recounted questioning Sinwar about the futility of Hamas’s strategy when they kidnapped Israeli soldier Gilat Shalit with the aim of using him as leverage for the release of Palestinian prisoners.
Israel’s responded by entering Gaza, killing hundreds Hamas fighters and thousands of civilians.
“I said to Sinwar, ’tell me, is it worth 10,000 innocent people to die in order to free 100 prisoners,” Sinwar’s reply was unequivocal, “even 100,000 is worth it.”
Nabih Awadah, a former Lebanese Communist member who was imprisoned with Sinwar in Ashkelon between 1991-95, said the Hamas leader viewed the 1993 Oslo peace accords between Israel and the Palestinian Authority as “disastrous” and a ruse by Israel, which he said would only relinquish Palestinian land “by force, not by negotiations.”
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Calling him “willful and dogmatic”, Awadah said Sinwar would light up with joy whenever he heard of attacks against Israelis by Hamas or Lebanon’s Hezbollah group. For him, military confrontation was the only path “to liberating Palestine” from Israeli occupation.
Awadah said Sinwar was an “influential model to all prisoners, even those who were not religious.” In jail, he continued to pursue Palestinian spies, Awadah said. His sharp instincts and caution allowed him to identify and expose Shin Bet informants infiltrated in the prison.
Sinwar also used his time in prison to learn fluent Hebrew.
Awadah said Sinwar frequently recalled that Ashkelon, where they were imprisoned together, was his family’s ancestral hometown.
When playing table tennis in the courtyard of Ashkelon jail, in present day Israel, Sinwar would often play barefoot, saying he wanted his feet to touch the land of Palestine.
“Sinwar often told us: ‘I’m not in prison; I’m on my land. I am free here, in my country.’”