Thousands of Thai pro-government "Red Shirts" massed in Bangkok on Sunday in their first show of force since a wave of opposition protests against a controversial political amnesty bill.
Television footage showed a sea of people decked out in red, many bussed in from the country's hardscrabble north-east, at a noisy rally in a suburban park, with organisers saying they expected to draw tens of thousands of people by its peak late Sunday.
They gathered following several days of protests by various opposition groups against a deeply divisive amnesty bill backed by Yingluck Shinawatra's government, which has inflamed festering political wounds. Thailand's Senate was due on Monday to debate the bill, which critics say has been crafted to pave the way for a return of the polarising ex-premier Thaksin Shinawatra, who is Yingluck's brother.
The former telecoms tycoon was toppled by royalist generals in 2006 and lives in self-imposed exile to avoid prison for a corruption conviction that he contends was politically motivated.
While the rallies have so far been peaceful, the fear is that the legislation could unleash a fresh bout of political turmoil in a country rocked by a series of rival colour-coded demonstrations since 2006.
Red Shirt leaders on Sunday told the crowd that political opponents were using the amnesty to try to oust Yingluck's elected government.
"Their opposition to the amnesty bill is just a cover-up... in fact they want to destroy the democratic system," said Worachai Hema, a lawmaker for the ruling Puea Thai party.
The bill has however also upset many of Thaksin's supporters, including Red Shirts, who want justice for the killing of more than 90 civilians during a military crackdown on their rallies against the previous government of Abhisit Vejjajiva in Bangkok in 2010.
"We disagree with the blanket amnesty bill, which is also an amnesty for murderers," said prominent Red Shirt activist Sombat Boonngamanong, at a separate rally earlier Sunday.
About 7,000 anti-government protesters also held peaceful rallies in two areas of Bangkok, an AFP photographer said.
Thousands of police have been deployed across the city and banners at one rally near Government House warned protesters they could face tear gas if they breach security barriers. Experts say the government may have underestimated the depth of opposition to the amnesty.