Scientists reported Wednesday that they witnessed in unprecedented detail a star being ripped to shreds and devoured by a dormant supermassive black hole. The celestial feeding frenzy - known as a tidal disruption event - was detected from the high-energy, X-ray echoes emitted as debris from the hapless star swirled in a vortex near the black hole's centre.
The findings were published in the prestigious science journal Nature. "Never before have we been able to see strong gravity effects from a dormant black hole," Erin Kara, a Hubble postdoctoral fellow at the University of Maryland, and lead author of the study, told AFP. Black holes are regions in space-time where mass is collapsed into such a small area that gravity takes over completely, and nothing - not even light - can escape.
They cannot be seen, and are inferred from their influence on nearby objects. Most of what astronomers know about so-called supermassive black holes - found at the centre of galaxies - comes from a relative handful that actively gather and consume matter. Roughly 90 percent are dormant, only awakening from time to time to gulp down anything that passes too close. When that happens to a star, it disappears in a swirling flash of energy and light.
"Most tidal disruptions don't emit much in the high-energy X-ray band," Kara explained. Only three such episodes have ever been recorded, "and this is the first such event that has been caught at its peak". The tell-tale signs from this particular slumbering giant, dubbed Swift J1644+57, were picked up by NASA's Swift satellite, the researchers reported. Three more satellites - one from the European Space Agency, another from Japan, and a third from NASA - tuned in to the event, yielding a treasure-trove of "excellent data". The fact that X-rays could be detected at all stems from the amplifying effect of the so-called accretion disk - the doughnut-like swirl of matter falling into the black hole.