America's worst traffic jam this fall occurred on the Ohio River, where a line of about 50 miles of boats hauling grains and other products turned into a waterborne parking lot, as ship captains waited for the river to reopen. Such delays are worsening on the nation's waterways, which are critical to commerce for the United States, the largest grain exporter in the world. Of the country's $40 billion in annual grain and soyabean exports, about 60 percent is moved by barges on rivers, including the Ohio.
The shutdown, caused by worn or missing sections of a dam, snarled traffic from early September into early November through Locks & Dam No. 52 near Paducah, Kentucky. It was the second shutdown in two months at No. 52, which is among the country's busiest locks with about $22 billion a year of commodities flowing through it. The lock, which has been earmarked for replacement by the Army Corps of Engineers for three decades, is one of many choke points along 25,000 miles of waterways used to transport everything from grains to consumer goods to coal.
It is a system increasingly under strain. Surging shipments of soyabeans and corn - due to record harvests - are overwhelming parts of the antiquated network and causing more frequent and severe backups, according to interviews with farmers, shippers, grains merchants and barge operators. Reverberations have cut across the US agricultural supply chain - and international markets. This fall, delays in moving crops downriver bumped up grain prices at export terminals along the Gulf Coast, opening up an advantage for global competitors such as Brazil.
Most of the country's 239 locks have exceeded their half-century design lives, and nearly half the vessels that use the nation's inland waterways now experience delays, according to the American Society of Civil Engineers. The average delay per lock has nearly doubled on the waterways since the beginning of the century, rising to 121 minutes in 2014 from 64 minutes in 2000, the group said.
An October National Waterways Foundation study said a major lock failure in the Midwest could cost shippers $1.5 billion per year in added costs and overwhelm existing rail and road capacity. Every barge can hold as much grain as 16 rail cars or 70 trucks. The delays here and elsewhere are boosting prices for key goods including soyabeans, and eating away at the nation's competitive edge against rival exporters like Brazil.
US soyabean export prices normally drop in the autumn, as newly harvested supplies flood the market. But the delays caused prices to rise, making it harder for the United States, the second-largest soyabean exporter, to compete with Brazil, which ranks first. In mid-August, the price of soyabeans loaded for export at US Gulf Coast terminals was about $14 per metric ton below the cost of soyabeans loaded at Brazil's Paranagua port, according to industry data. By mid-November, the US advantage had been cut to less than $4 per ton. Brazil's soyabeans have a higher protein content, and therefore attract a premium.
Top soya importer China is expected to buy twice as many soyabeans from Brazil in the fourth quarter as it did last year, much of it at the expense of US shipments. Export markets are key for farmers and grain processors due to rising crop yields. In the past two decades, US corn output has outpaced domestic use by 20 percent, and soyabeans by more than 70 percent.
"Being near the river used to be an advantage, but now having to wait on dams and infrastructure is more of a liability to farmers," said Marc Bremer, a farmer in Metropolis, Illinois. Bremer sells most of his corn and soyabeans to facilities known as elevators, which receive and store grain and load barges on the Ohio River. This autumn, he lost up to $30,000 in revenue when prices tumbled because disruptions caused crop stockpiles to swell at these facilities. He said he may delay buying new farm equipment as a result.
The log jams hit local grain buyers - the elevators - who cut bids on crops to the lowest levels since the Port of New Orleans was shuttered by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Elevators, including those owned by Bunge Ltd, Cargill Inc and Archer Daniels Midland Co, typically fill barges with corn and soyabeans en route to the Gulf of Mexico. But the backup meant they were unable to ship out supplies - overwhelming their storage, too.
Along the river in Shawneetown, Illinois, Bunge piled soyabeans outside on the ground, putting them at risk of damage from rain or animals, because the elevator's bins were full due to the backlog, local farmers said. An employee of Bunge's elevator said it took this step because of "market conditions." Randy Anderson, a farmer from Galatia, Illinois, said he was told to hold back pre-arranged deliveries of crops to the Bunge elevator. Instead, he was forced to take time away from harvesting to load the crops into his own storage bins.
"That could have been time I could have been in the field," he said. "That's a hidden cost." The effect was also felt by shipping companies, which make more money the more trips their barges make. Barge operator Campbell Transportation Company of Pittsburgh estimated a loss of $1 million in revenue in September and October because of the delays.
"This was the difference between a small profit and a big loss," said Peter Stephaich, Campbell chief executive. Replacing Locks and Dam No. 52 and nearby No. 53 on the Ohio River has been on the US Army Corps of Engineers' to-do list for about thirty years, even as its backlog of other projects has grown.
Known as the Olmsted Locks and Dam, the replacement is set to finally be completed next year. Its cost has risen to about $3 billion from an original estimate of $775 million. In the meantime, the short-term work to fix the dam continues. Divers working in pitch-black water needed a week to repair the largest hole in the 90-year old dam, one of the last on the river made of wooden slats. Repairs to three other worn and corroded sections may be completed this month.
For the seven-man crew of the Oliver C. Shearer, one of 70 towboats hauling hundreds of barges carrying goods, the delay at Locks & Dam No. 52 meant killing time. But there was only so much paperwork, repairs, or waxing the checkerboard floor of the vessel that the crew could do. "You start beating your head against the wall," Michael McCloud, the boat's captain, said in October as he looked out at idle barges on the Ohio River from the vessel's bridge.