The flamboyant full back joined the French club in 2017 after spells at Sevilla, Barcelona and Juventus, but he did not say what his next move would be after leaving Paris.
"Another cycle in my life ends today, a victorious cycle, one of learning and experiences," Alves, 36, wrote on Instagram. "I would like to thank the PSG family for the opportunity we had together to build a page in the club's history."
Alves, who replaced club mate Neymar as Brazil captain for the Copa America last month, won two Ligue 1 titles and one French Cup in his two seasons at Parc des Princes.