"After a decade of recovery from Labour's great recession, we are turning the page on austerity and beginning a new decade of renewal," Javid told parliament on Wednesday, taking aim at the opposition Labour Party.
Day-to-day spending, adjusted for inflation, would jump by 4.1pc in the next financial year, the first after Britain's scheduled departure from the European Union on Oct. 31, he said.
In his first major speech since taking over the public purse strings in July, Javid promised more money for "the people's priorities" - education, health and the police - after a decade of tight spending controls that have frustrated voters.
He promised an "infrastructure revolution", more funding for the armed forces and social care, and no cuts for any government department next year.
Opposition spokesman John McDonnell, who could soon take Javid's job as finance minister if Labour wins any early election, said the announcement was a sham.
"To come here to try and fool us with references to 'people's priorities' is beyond irony," McDonnell said. "We are expected to believe that these Tories, who for years have voted for harsh, brutal austerity, have had some form of Damascene conversion."
The Institute for Fiscal Studies, an independent think-tank, said the plan would reverse about two-thirds of the day-to-day spending cuts, adjusted for inflation, made since 2010.
MORE BORROWING AHEAD
Javid, a former Deutsche Bank managing director, said he was sticking with Britain's fiscal rules for Wednesday's one-year spending plan. But he suggested he would borrow more in the future to take advantage of record-low borrowing costs.
He has some room to increase borrowing to fund his spending because Britain has steadily cut its budget deficit from almost 10pc of gross domestic product in 2010 to just over 1pc now.
But analysts have warned that he could end up weakening Britain's budget credibility by making big spending pledges at a time when the economy is at risk of recession and the outcome of Brexit remains so unclear.
The Bank of England revised down its estimate of the impact of the worst-case Brexit scenario on the economy but, at 5.5pc of gross domestic product, the hit it forecast would still be severe.
The Resolution Foundation, a think-tank, said Javid had effectively binned Britain's fiscal rules as well as austerity, "bringing down the curtain on the era of public spending constraint in spectacular fashion".
It said Britain's weak economy and a recent rise in public borrowing meant Javid, despite his claim, was already probably in breach of the rule that government borrowing should be less than 2pc of economic output in the 2020/21 financial year.
Javid said he would review Britain's fiscal rules ahead of a longer-term tax-and-spending budget statement later this year.
Lawmakers were due to vote on Wednesday on a plan to frustrate Boris Johnson's government by forcing a delay to Britain's exit from the EU - prompting Johnson to say he would push for a snap election on Oct. 15.