System recognised as crucial for poverty alleviation: citizen participation and community empowerment-II

Review of the Literature: The findings of the previous research indicates that decentralisation, or decentralising governance, refers to the restructuring or reorganisation of authority so that there is a system of co-responsibility between institutions of governance at the central, regional and local levels according to the principle of subsidiary (ie the local authorities will have the authority and responsibility to address all problems.
That are, in their determination, within their ability to solve), thus increasing the overall quality and effectiveness of the system of governance, while increasing the authority and capacities of sub-national levels.
Decentralisation is a world-wide phenomenon for at least two reasons a) need for political stability decentralisation means dispersion of formal political power to elected local level politicians. This dispersion of power is global trend. Political scientists suggest that this is an outcome of the declining credibility of the centralised state.
In a fundamental sense, decentralisation is a strategy to maintain political stability; and b) more effective and efficient service delivery. Decentralisation is expected to achieve higher economic efficiency, better accountability, and larger resource mobilisation, lower cost of service provision and higher satisfaction of local preferences.
Pakistan's experiment in decentralisation, termed devolution due perhaps to its political component, basically aims at bringing the above-mentioned benefits to its population.
Another study says that in accordance with the political structure of the local government, an administrative structure has been proposed at all three main levels of the government namely, District, Tehsil/Taluka and Union. The district administration is co-co-ordinated by a District Co-ordination Officers (DCO), and consists of up to twelve groups which are headed by the Executive District Officers (EDOs). District officers are in charge of sub-offices at the District Headquarter; While Deputy District Officers co-ordinate the work of the sub-offices.
SURVEY FINDINGS The hypothesis relating to the participation of local people in CCBs development projects is high (at least 4 on the scale of 5-1) was rejected in all three districts ie in Sukkur, Larkana and Nawabshah.
Therefore, it is concluded that the participation of the local people in CCBs development projects in Sukkur, Larkana and Nawabshah districts are not significant. So, it is further concluded that there is a need to create further awareness among the people regarding the CCBs and their functions.
An important aspect is to identify, in which area (Health, Education, Infrastructure, Micro Credit, Entrepreneurship & Creating awareness) the CCBs are more effective in all these three districts ie Sukkur, Larkana and Nawabshah, or in other words CCBs have a proper implementation and execution in which sector or area.
In view of this disparity the results of developed hypotheses are presented below: The hypothesis relating to CCBs are significantly effective in all the under taken areas (Health, Education, Infrastructure, Micro Credit, Entrepreneurship & Creating awareness) in Sukkur, Larkana and Nawabshah districts were also rejected.
The analysis also indicates that the CCBs are very effective which are operating in infrastructure sector and followed by CCBs in Micro Credit in Sukkur and Larkana districts. Whereas, in Nawabshah CCBs which are operating in infrastructure are very effective again but followed by the CCBs which are operating in Health sector.
The qualitative analyses of determinants are given as below:
EFFECTIVENESS OF CCBS IN SUKKUR DISTRICT The summarised results of effectiveness of CCBs in Sukkur district can be concluded from the graphical analysis which is presented below:
Therefore, it is concluded from the above graph the contribution of CCBs in income generation in Sukkur district is significant through Micro credit and Entrepreneurship or in other words the CCBs which are operating in income generating sector (Micro Credit and Entrepreneurship) have a significant role in Sukkur district after infrastructure sector.
EFFECTIVENESS OF CCBS IN LARKANA DISTRICT The summarised results of effectiveness of CCBs in Larkana district can be concluded from the presented graphical analysis:
Therefore, it is again concluded from the above graph the contribution of CCBs in income generation in Larkana district is significant through Micro credit and Entrepreneurship or in other words the CCBs which are operating in income generating sector (Micro Credit and Entrepreneurship) have a significant role in Larkana district after infrastructure sector.
EFFECTIVENESS OF CCBS IN NAWABSHAH DISTRICT The summarised results of effectiveness of CCBs in Nawabshah district can be concluded from this graphical analysis:
Therefore, it is concluded from the above graph the contribution of CCBs in income generation in Nawabshah district is not significant through Micro credit and Entrepreneurship or in other words the CCBs which are operating in income generating sector (Micro Credit and Entrepreneurship) do not have a significant role in Larkana district after infrastructure sector. Rather followed by the CCBs which are operating in Health sector.
PEOPLE AWARENESS TO PARTICIPATE IN CCBS The respondents' opinions about the subject matter are presented below through graphical analysis: Inference could be drawn from the above graphical analysis that the majority of respondent are strongly in the favour of the common people's participation in CCBs and CCBs related projects are not significant.
Therefore, it is concluded that the people participation is very poor in CCBs projects in all the three districts ie Sukkur, Larkana and Nawabshah.
IMPROVEMENT IN CCBS SYSTEM The respondents' opinions about the need of improvement in current system of CCBs are presented below through graph:
Above graph shows that the majority of the respondents' ie government functionaries, Elected representative, Beneficiaries of CCBs, Body of CCBs, and common people of all the three districts ie Sukkur, Larkana and Nawabshah, demanded that there is a need to improve the current functional system of CCBs ie how to register CCBs, how to make proposal, allocation of budget etc.
CONTRIBUTION OF CCBS IN INCOME GENERATION SECTOR IN SUKKUR The summarised results of contribution of CCBs in income generation sector in Sukkur districted are presented below: Therefore, it is concluded that from the above graph the contribution of CCBs in income generation in Sukkur district is not very significant, but there is a positive role of CCBs in Sukkur district.
CONTRIBUTION OF CCBS IN INCOME GENERATION SECTOR IN LARKANA The summarised results of contribution of CCBs in income generation sector in Larkana districted are presented below:
Therefore, it is again concluded that from the above graph the contribution of CCBs in income generation in Larkana district is not very significant, but again there is a positive role of CCBs in income generation sector.
CONTRIBUTION OF CCBS IN INCOME GENERATION SECTOR IN NAWABSHAH The summarised results of contribution of CCBs in income generation sector in Nawabshah districted are presented below: Therefore, it is concluded that the contribution of CCBs in > from page? income generation in Nawabshah district is not significant at all.
OVERALL CONTRIBUTION OF CCBS IN INCOME GENERATION SECTOR The summarised results of overall contribution of CCBs in income generation sector in three districts are presented below:
Therefore, it is concluded that from the above graph the role of CCBs in income generation is some how significant in Sukkur and Larkana districts, whereas, it does not have any significant role in Nawabshah district.
CONCLUSION It can be concluded from the overall results that local people are not well aware enough to participate in development projects of CCBs. It has also been observed that there is a need to improve the CCBs overall system like registration of CCBs, proposal making, funds releasing and other matters related to the CCBs.
We have also concluded the effectiveness of CCBs is questionable As far as income generation projects are concerned; CCBs have played some positive and effective role in Micro Credit field in Sukkur and Larkana districts. People have borrowed money for micro projects and in this way they have increased their income. CCBs role in income generation is somehow significant in Sukkur and Larkana districts but in Nawabshah it does not have significant role.
The qualitative analyses of determinants such as (a) Effectiveness of CCBs in Health, Education, Infrastructure, Micro Credit, Entrepreneurship & Creating awareness in Sukkur, Larkana and Nawabshah districts (b) People awareness to participate in CCBs in Sukkur, Larkana and Nawabshah districts (c) Improvement in system is concluded as below:
It was discussed in earlier section that the infrastructure is the field in which CCBs are very effective in Sukkur district with the mean of 4.23. The qualitative analysis shows that Micro Credit is the second field in which CCBs are also very effective in Sukkur district with a mean of 3.64 and followed by the Entrepreneurship with a mean of 3.38. Therefore, it is concluded that contribution of CCBs in income generation in Sukkur district is very significant.
The qualitative analysis again shows that CCBs have an effective role in infrastructure with a mean of 4.11 and again Micro Credit is the second field in which CCBs are also very effective in Larkana district with a mean of 3.76 and followed by the Entrepreneurship with a mean of 3.32. Therefore, it is also concluded that the contribution of CCBs in income generation in Larkana district is very significant.
The qualitative analysis again shows that CCBs have an effective role in infrastructure with a mean of 3.97 and Health is the second field in which CCBs are also very effective in Nawabshah district with a mean of 3.38 and followed by the Micro Credit with a mean of 3.29. Therefore, it is also concluded that the contribution of CCBs in income generation in Nawabshah district is not very significant.
Inference could be drawn from the qualitative analysis that the majority of respondent are strongly in the favour that the local people participation in CCBs are not very significant, therefore, there is strong need to create awareness about the CCBs in all the districts because none of district have the mean 4 or more than 4.
Qualitative analysis shows that the majority of the respondents' ie government functionaries, Elected representative, Beneficiaries of CCBs, Body of CCBs, and common people of all the three districts ie Sukkur, Larkana and Nawabshah, demanded that there is a need to improve the current functional system of CCBs ie how to register CCBs, how to make proposal, allocation of budget etc.
The qualitative analysis shows that CCBs have some how an effective role in income generation with a cumulative means of 3.51 and individual Micro credit is 3.64 and entrepreneurship 3.38 in Sukkur district.
Therefore, it is concluded that the role of CCBs in Micro credit is significant but in Entrepreneurship is not significant in Sukkur district. Therefore, it is also concluded that the contribution of CCBs in income generation in Sukkur district is not very significant, but there is a positive role of CCBs.
Qualitative analysis shows that CCBs have some how an effective role in income generation with a cumulative means of 3.54 and individual Micro credit is 3.76 and entrepreneurship 3.32 in Larkana. Therefore, it is concluded that the role of CCBs in Micro credit is significant but in Entrepreneurship is not very significant in Larkana district. Therefore, it is also concluded that the contribution of CCBs in income generation in Larkana district is not very significant, but there is a positive role of CCBs.
RECOMMENDATIONS Government should device a project to increase the awareness of CCBs in the entire three districts ie Sukkur, Larkana and Nawabshah in order to increase the effectiveness of CCBs. Common people should know the affectivity and significance of CCBs and then they would participate aggressively in the projects.
So, in this regard it is strongly recommended that the government should utilise print media and the electronic media in order to increase the awareness and effectiveness of CCBs for masses of population.
Another, important point is, there should be some easy procedure to register the CCBs, there must be proper guidance in order to making projects proposals and should easy procedure in funds releasing. There is a strong need to review all the procedure and system in order to making CCBs and allied matters.
There is a strong need to work in income generation by the CCBs. Government functionaries and the elected representatives should educate common people about the subject matter. They should help out common people in order to making CCBs, implementation and execution of projects in income generation field particularly in Nawabshah district.
Currently working for Organon Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd as Regional Sales Manager (South), and enrolled in MS/MS programme at Szabist, Karachi. [email protected] S.M. Shafi Azam is a independent management consultant and a visiting faculty, thesis and independent research advisor at SZABIST. He also serves as a member of two committees at SZABIST. [email protected]
(This paper has been submitted to SZABIST as a independent study and approved. It is published with their permission.)