The weapons used to strike Saudi oil facilities were Iranian-made, the Riyadh-led coalition said Monday, heightening fears of regional conflict after the US hinted at a military response to the assault.
The weekend strikes on Abqaiq - the world's largest oil processing facility - and the Khurais oil field in eastern Saudi Arabia sent oil prices spiking Monday.
Yemen's Iran-aligned Huthi rebels claimed responsibility for the operation but Washington has squarely blamed Iran, with President Donald Trump saying the US is "locked and loaded" to respond.
US Defense Secretary Mark Esper said the US was preparing a response.
"The United States military, with our interagency team, is working with our partners to address this unprecedented attack and defend the international rules-based order that is being undermined by Iran," he said in a tweet.
Saudi's energy infrastructure has been hit before, but this strike was of a different scale, abruptly halting half the Opec kingpin's output - some six percent of the world's oil supply.
The Saudi-led coalition, which is bogged down in a five-year war in neighbouring Yemen, reiterated the assessment that the Huthis were not behind it, pointing the finger at Iran for providing the arms.
"All indications are that weapons used in both attacks came from Iran," rather than Yemen, coalition spokesman Turki al-Maliki told reporters in Riyadh, adding that an investigation was underway.
The Huthis said they had fired 10 drones at the Saudi installations, and Iranian President Hassan Rouhani said the attacks were in self-defence.
"The people of Yemen have been forced to respond, they are only defending themselves," he told a news conference in Ankara alongside Putin and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
But the New York Times reported that US officials had satellite images showing the attacks, possibly with drones and cruise missiles, had come from the north or northwest.
That indicated they were fired from the northern Persian Gulf, Iran or neighbouring Iraq, where Iran backs various armed groups.
Washington called the assault, which sparked huge fires in the heart of Saudi Arabia's oil industry, an "unprecedented attack on the world's energy supply".
With the Huthis threatening further attacks, world powers urged restraint.
NATO chief Jens Stoltenberg told AFP in Baghdad on Monday that he was "extremely concerned" about escalating tensions following the attacks, and accused Iran of "destabilising" the region.
In Ankara, Russian President Vladimir Putin offered to sell Saudi Arabia a missile defence system.
Analysts noted the attacks had exposed the vulnerability of oil installations despite the kingdom splurging billions on sophisticated defence hardware.
"Saudi Arabia has to consider its own vulnerability in launching any form of retaliation against Iran," said Anthony Cordesman, from the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies.
"The US has to consider the impact of any such escalation on further cuts in Gulf petroleum exports and imports as a result of the fighting." Oil prices saw their biggest inter-day gain since the 1991 Gulf War on Monday, fuelling fears for the global economy.
Europe's benchmark Brent crude surged by 20 percent and US counterpart WTI by 15 percent as commodities trading got underway.
Both later receded, but remained up by more than 10 percent on the day by mid-afternoon in Europe.
The attack is a major test for Saudi Arabia as it could dampen investor confidence ahead of Aramco's mammoth stock flotation, a listing the government hopes will generate up to $100 billion to fund economic diversification projects.
Saudi authorities are considering whether to delay the oil giant's initial public offering, people with knowledge of the matter said.
"They're in the process of assessing the damage. It's a possibility but it's still very early," said one source who spoke on condition of anonymity.
The IPO, earlier scheduled for 2018, has already been mired in delays as it reportedly struggled to reach a $2 trillion valuation desired by Saudi rulers.
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