Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed faces stark challenges on the very issues that earned him a Nobel Peace Prize on Friday, and analysts say the coming months may tell whether he can translate this early applause into concrete success.
The Nobel Committee cited Abiy's drive to mend fences across the Horn of Africa while also pursuing dramatic reforms at home - measures that range from the promotion of democracy to women's rights.
Yet many of those areas remain works in progress, with early headline-grabbing steps yet to be followed by the kind of victories that would seal lasting change.
"Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed's bold leadership has helped drive through positive changes in Ethiopia and achieve rapprochement with Eritrea," said William Davison, senior analyst for the International Crisis Group (ICG) think tank, referring to the 2018 peace deal with Ethiopia's neighour.
"But there is a lot of work to do to achieve a new domestic political settlement between fractious actors, and there are also major obstacles to advancing the Eritrea peace process, suggesting that Abiy's hardest challenges lie ahead."
Abiy's spokeswoman Billene Seyoum said after the win that "it does not mean that we're not faced with challenges at this moment."
"This is something that will catalyse the efforts that have been made so far... to take Ethiopia on the path of prosperity that we have already begun," she said.
The Eritrea deal is seen as Abiy's signature achievement, but it has been weakened by a lack of tangible progress on critical issues like border demarcation.
The highly-publicised reopening of the countries' borders was abruptly reversed just a few months later, and there are no signs that will change anytime soon.
Abiy has also played a leading role in mediating Sudan's political crisis and has tried to revive South Sudan's uncertain peace deal.
Winning the Nobel will undoubtedly give Abiy a prestige that will add to his power of leverage.
Yet whether any of these initiatives, which require gritty long-term solutions, can make headway is an open question.
Michael Woldemariam, an expert on the Horn of Africa at Boston University, told AFP that Abiy's regional peace-making achievements "remain fragile".
"Because of the density of external actors currently involved in Sudan, Abiy's ability to shape events going forward is limited," Woldemariam said.
"On the Eritrea issue, where Abiy naturally has more leverage, his reputation as a peace-builder will be legitimately tested in the coming months."
Perhaps more pressing for Abiy is the task of guiding Ethiopia to elections currently planned for next May.
A competitive and credible vote would be perhaps the best possible indication that Ethiopia is breaking with its authoritarian past and that Abiy - a product of the long-ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) coalition - is serious about changing direction.
But human rights groups have sounded the alarm in recent months about a spike in arrests of opposition activists and journalists, some of whom are being held under controversial counterterrorism legislation.
The arrests picked up following the assassination of five high-ranking political and military officials in June - an event that highlighted a fragile security situation marred by ethnic violence and widespread internal displacement.
Amnesty International said Friday that these trends indicate that Abiy's work "is far from done".
"This award should push and motivate him to tackle the outstanding human rights challenges that threaten to reverse the gains made so far," Amnesty said.
Abiy's loosening of the reins has seen years of tensions between the country's diverse ethnic groups boil over - usually over land and resources - leading to deadly violence in the country that resulted in the world's largest displacement crisis in 2018.
More domestic turbulence could be on the way.
Ahead of the election, Abiy has been pushing a plan to transform the EPRDF into a political party, a move that risks fracturing alliances that have held for nearly three decades.
The Nobel committee also praised Abiy's efforts to promote women's rights in Ethiopia, though some activists say those reforms have not been as transformative as they first appeared.
Abiy "wowed everyone" by overseeing the appointment of a gender-equal cabinet and the country's first woman president, but structural challenges that would address problems like gender-based violence have been lacking, said Sehin Teferra, head of the Ethiopian feminist group Setaweet.
"It's been really worrying how much the gender agenda has kind of been stalled or paused since then," Sehin said.
These challenges aside, Abiy has remained publicly committed to his expansive agenda, shrugging off criticism that he is taking on too much too fast.
After his win he told the Nobel committee in a phone call posted online on the Nobel Prize website: "It is a prize given to Africa, given to Ethiopia".
Abiy also said he could "imagine how the rest of Africa's leaders would think it possible to work on peace-building processes".
Copyright Agence France-Presse, 2019
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