South Africa's rand is back to being one of the world's worst performing currencies in 2008 after a brief respite last year, and there appears nothing, for now, to halt its slide.
A chronic energy crisis that is likely to slice into economic growth, political uncertainty and a gaping current account deficit paint a gloomy picture for a currency prone to doses of sharp volatility. Just four years ago the rand was an emerging market darling, but a combination of inflation, growth and political risks have tarnished it.
"We have seen a significant amount of rotation from South Africa, there has been a significant outflow of funds," George Glynos of independent market analysts ETM, said. The currency was trading at around 7.78 against the dollar by 1115 GMT on Thursday, adding another percent to this year's losses and putting it in sight of eight to the dollar - a mark last seen in mid-2003.
It is more than 11 percent weaker on a trade-weighed basis in 2008, having lost around 12 percent to the dollar and euro to 15-month and six-year lows respectively. The break of 7.71/74 to the greenback has opened up a test of 7.80 and a push towards the 2006 low of 7.97, a trader said.
The slide began in November as global risk aversion gathered pace, but has accelerated this year, driven by local factors. It has tumbled almost 20 percent since November 7, when it touched a then 17-1/2 month high. This cannot be blamed on emerging market sentiment, with peer currencies suffering nowhere near the pain the rand has endured.
Turkey's lira is just two percent down for the year, while the Australian dollar, a fellow commodity-based unit also supported by high interest rates, is stronger. Only the Kenyan shilling has suffered as badly, and it has been pummelled by a disputed election and riots that have claimed more than a thousand lives.
"It is mostly localised issues that are at play ... electricity, growth and political uncertainty," Glynos said. "Until we get some feeling that things are going to get better, people will think twice about exposing themselves to South Africa. Levels over 8 will probably look more attractive to foreigners."
Investors have shown their displeasure by dumping stocks. Non-residents sold off a net 4.2 billion rand ($540.54 million) in shares last week, adding to the 5.3 billion rand discarded the week before, cutting crucial funding for a huge current account deficit of 8.1 percent of GDP. Power problems are casting a gloomy shadow over the economy. Electricity utility Eskom is struggling to meet fast-growing demand and ageing infrastructure is collapsing under the strain.
Production at mines, a key employer and source of foreign currency, came to a halt late last month after the state-owned utility said it could not guarantee supply.
The crisis has rippled through markets, igniting the platinum price to a new record high and propping up the price of gold as mining heavyweights AngloGold warn of lower output. South Africa produces around two-thirds of the world's platinum and is a major producer of gold.
Local businesses have also been forced to shut doors and households have been left in the dark, while traffic gridlocks blackened streets. Eskom and the government have no quick-fire solution and have asked consumers to cut back on usage as they spend 300 billion rand over the next five years to upgrade facilities. The energy problems are widely expected to cut growth, adding to pressure on Africa's biggest economy already feeling the pinch from 400 basis points in rate hikes since June 2006.
The risk to growth was highlighted last week when the central bank chose to leave their repo rate at 11 percent, despite inflation racing above its 3 to 6 percent band. The rand briefly slipped more than two percent shortly after the announcement on the dilution of a leading attraction for the currency - an expanding rates differential.
"ZAR (the rand) will likely remain undermined by local power shortages and receding rate hike expectations. (Dollar-rand) broke important resistance levels of 7.60 and 7.39 over the last week," said foreign exchange strategists at Bank of America, adding the next test was 7.98.
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