South Africa's parliament passed a bill on protecting state secrets on Tuesday despite criticism at home and abroad that it harks back to apartheid legislation and further harms the country's weakened credibility on tackling corruption. The Protection of Information Bill allows any government agency to apply for classification of information that is "valuable" to the state and criminalises the possession and distribution of state secrets.
Critics say the bill makes it easy to hide graft from public view and intimidates those who try to expose it. The ANC said the bill, passed with a vote of 229 in favour and 107 against, is essential for protecting state information and keeping spies at bay. The press has criticised the legislation as an attempt to silence whistleblowers and muzzle investigative journalists, who face up to 25 years in jail for revealing state secrets.
Many South Africans wore black to protest against the bill, saying it was reminiscent of apartheid-era censorship laws. A joint editorial in the country's largest newspapers on Tuesday called the vote South Africa's "day of reckoning for democracy". "The spreading culture of self-enrichment, either corrupt, or merely inappropriate, makes scrutiny fuelled by whistleblowers who have the public interest at heart more essential than ever since 1994," the front-page editorial said.
The bill has a broad definition of valuable information and gives great authority on classification to State Security Minister Siyabonga Cwele, who faced calls for his resignation after his wife was convicted in May of running an international drug ring and he said he was unaware of her criminality.
The measure coincides with concerns of growing cronyism in the African National Congress government and a downgrade of South Africa's outlook by ratings agency Moody's, which said this month that it was worried about increasing government interference in Africa's largest economy.
"It is a significant move away from the liberal ideals that characterised the early days of the ANC government," said Razia Khan, head of Africa Research at Standard Chartered in London. "With all the negatives typically associated with ruling parties that hold 'too much power' - this legislation will only help to cement investor fears that a potential tipping point has been reached," Khan said.
The bill needs to go through a few procedural matters before being implemented. The Nelson Mandela Foundation said it was "concerned" about the bill while Desmond Tutu, a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, said "the law will do our people and our country a disservice".
South Africa, under ANC control since the end of white-minority apartheid rule in 1994, has been sliding in the Transparency International gauge of perceived corruption from 38th in the world in 2001 to 54th in 2010. Transparency International said on Tuesday that about 60 percent of respondents in a survey said corruption had increased under Zuma, while 12 percent said it dropped.
"This bill will unstitch the very fabric of our constitution. It will criminalise the freedoms that so many of our people fought for," opposition Democratic Alliance parliamentary leader Lindiwe Mazibuko told the assembly, adding the party will challenge the measure in court.
International rights group Amnesty International called the bill "fatally flawed" and Human Rights Watch said it "was a blow to freedom". However, Peter Attard Montalto, emerging markets economist at Nomura International, said the bill, which has been debated for about a year, had not changed views of how the ANC operated with investors. President Jacob Zuma has said tackling corruption was a policy priority but has done little. He dragged his feet in dismissing two cabinet ministers named as corrupt in government reports and has himself faced charges of bribery. He has never been convicted.
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