After nine friends and relatives were killed in a US drone strike four years ago, Mohammed Fahim took tranquillisers to blot out the nightmares. The 19 year-old is one of a growing number of Pakistanis living in the tribal areas on the Afghan border who has suffered from conditions related to depression, anxiety and mental health problems because of war.
US drone strikes, fighting between Taliban and the army, mass displacement, chronic unemployment and disillusionment are all causing mental suffering on an unprecedented scale in north-west Pakistan, say psychiatrists.
Fahim lost an eye in the January 2009 attack, but the mental scarring has been even more traumatic. The flashbacks are still sudden and powerful.
"I feel like my head is exploding," he says when he remembers how four uncles, a cousin and four neighbours died when they came round for tea in North Waziristan.
"We heard the sound of a missile. A fraction of a second later, they were all dead, their bodies mutilated," says Mohammed, who happened to be in the other room when the missile struck.
He insists that no one in his family was associated with Islamist militancy. US officials say the covert drone war in Pakistan involves surgical, pin-pointed strikes against known killers that cause few if any civilian casualties.
The London-based Bureau of Investigative Journalism has compiled press reports that indicate US drone strikes have killed up to 3,581 people in Pakistan, including as many as 884 civilians and 197 children since 2004.
"Depression is really high in Waziristan," says doctor Muktar ul-Haq, head of the psychiatry department at the government-run Lady Reading Hospital in Peshawar, the largest city in the north-west.
"There is uncertainty generally in Pakistan but particularly in this area. They are always apprehensive about the drones, about their life," he told AFP.
While drone attacks do bring patients "episodically" for treatment, he says, residents in Waziristan complain of living in constant fear of drones that patrol in the skies above and the buzzing sound they say they emit. "The sound alone gives us psychological grief," says Kaleemullah Mehsud, a man in his 30s from Waziristan, who spoke to AFP in Peshawar.
Haq says his worst case was a man who became so aggressive and paranoid that he was admitted to the Lady Reading Hospital.
"He had no predisposition to psychiatric illness," he told AFP.
Instead Mehsud found a SIM card out on the family's farmland one morning. Popular belief has it that SIM cards emit signals, guiding the drones to attack.
Haq said that after four hours, Mehsud developed "full-blown" psychotic delusions.
There are no statistics about the rise in psychological illness, but Mian Iftikhar Hussain, a psychiatrist with a private clinic in Peshawar, believes cases have increased three fold in recent years. "There are multiple problems - the Afghan war and its spillover into Pakistan. Migration, violence, kidnapping, poverty, unemployment," he said.
The most common conditions are anxiety, depression, a mixture of the two, then psychosis, schizophrenia and cannabis-induced psychosis.
"Even soldiers come with somatic symptoms, with severe anxiety, these are related with the difficulty in coping with the stress going to the war front." The waiting room of his clinic is packed with patients from the tribal belt, bearded men with a haggard look and women crying into their burqas.
A mother of nine tells the doctor about the death of her relatives. A young man, hallucinating, shows the burns he has inflicted on his own arms.
Consultations last around 10 minutes. Most patients are sent away with prescriptions, the more serious cases are referred for electro-convulsive therapy.
In conservative Pakistani society, mental health problems have long been a stigma, but while that may be slowly changing, demand outstrips supply.
Health services are basic to abysmal. Many people are more focused on survival - food, water and shelter. Taking time and money out to treat depression is beyond the means of millions.
"Health and education are the lowest priorities on the government agenda and among health, mental health is at the bottom," said Hussain.
According to the national association of psychiatrists, there is one psychiatrist for every 333,000 people in the country of 180 million.
"The people we receive here is just the tip of the iceberg," said Haq. "If we have two patients, multiply that by 100. Nobody knows that they are having these problems," he added.
The few specialists lack time and resources. If they don't know when they will see their patients again, they send them off with prescriptions for six months, sometimes longer.
There is a growing demand for locally made tranquillisers and anti-depressants - cheap copies of expensive drugs manufactured in the West.
Behind the counter of his Peshawar pharmacy, Abdullah has the ideal medication: a box of 30 anxiety-inhibiting pills for $2.
"Before we didn't have these type of products, I didn't even know they existed. But for several years, we've been selling loads of them," he said.
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