One of Switzerland's largest banks, Credit Suisse, has frozen roughly 5 billion Swiss francs ($5 billion) of money linked to Russia to avoid falling foul of US sanctions, according to its accounts, further increasing pressure on Moscow.
The move by Credit Suisse, which owned aircraft surrendered by Russian tycoon Oleg Deripaska and had lent money to Russian oligarch Viktor Vekselberg before the sanctions, underscores a widespread fear among banks of reprisals from Washington for working with targeted Russian individuals and entities.
For Russia's elite, such steps could close off an important avenue for finance as well as a safe haven for billions of roubles of their wealth. "Credit Suisse works with international regulators wherever it does business to ensure compliance with sanctions, including compliance with sanctions involving Russia," said a spokeswoman for the bank, which did not identify the owners of the money.
Long popular with wealthy Russians for its combination of bank secrecy, political stability and glitzy ski resorts such as Zermatt and St. Moritz, Switzerland has become one of the most important destinations for money leaving Russia. Roughly $6.2 billion, or 14 percent of total Russian cross-border outflows, went to Switzerland in 2017 - almost three times as much as went to the United States, according to Russian central bank data.
The latest round of sanctions was announced in April by US Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin to penalise Russia for its annexation of Crimea, involvement in the war in Syria and "attempting to subvert Western democracies". More could follow.
US President Donald Trump has said he would like better ties with Moscow, but although he met Russian President Vladimir Putin last month, relations between the countries remain strained. Earlier this month, members of Congress, where both chambers are controlled by Trump's fellow Republicans, called for more action, including introducing new sanctions legislation "from hell", to punish the Russian "menace". While US sanctions do not apply to neutral Switzerland, its banks are obliged to follow suit because they depend on access to the dollar and could be blackballed by the United States for any missteps. The Credit Suisse asset freeze took place in the second quarter. It is rare for a Swiss bank to reveal such details.
Two of its rivals, UBS and Julius Baer, said they also respected international sanctions, but declined to say whether they had taken similar steps. "UBS ... implements worldwide at least the sanctions currently imposed by Switzerland, the UN, the EU and the US," said a spokesman for UBS. A spokesman for Julius Baer said it "cooperates with international regulators ... in the field of sanction regulations".
Credit Suisse is being cautious in part because of earlier bad experiences. In 2009, it reached a $500 million settlement with US authorities over dealings with sanctions-hit Iran. There have been other instances where European banks have been punished. In 2014, France's BNP Paribas agreed to pay a record $8.9 billion for violating US sanctions against Sudan, Cuba and Iran.
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